Inglés práctico

PRONOMBRES DE SUJETO EN INGLÉS (EXPLICADO PARA HISPANOHABLANTES) 🧠

¿QUÉ SON? 🔎

Los pronombres de sujeto son las palabras que van antes del verbo y dicen quién realiza la acción. En inglés siempre debes poner el sujeto (no se omite como en español).

LISTA Y EQUIVALENCIAS 🇬🇧↔️🇪🇸
  • I → yo (siempre con mayúscula)
  • you → tú / usted / ustedes (mismo pronombre para singular y plural)
  • he → él
  • she → ella
  • it → eso/ello (cosas, animales, ideas; también clima/tiempo)
  • we → nosotros/as
  • you → ustedes (plural)
  • they → ellos/ellas (también singular neutro: “esa persona”)

Ej.: She works. / We are happy.

CÓMO SE USAN (PUNTOS CLAVE) ✅
  1. Sujeto obligatorio (SVO: Sujeto–Verbo–Objeto)
    • ❌ ∅ Am tired → ✔️ I am tired.
    • ❌ Is raining → ✔️ It is raining.
  2. Concordancia verbal (3ª persona)
    • Con he/she/it el verbo en Presente Simple lleva -s.
    • ✔️ He works. / They work.
  3. “I” SIEMPRE EN MAYÚSCULA
    • ✔️ I am from Madrid. (no i)
  4. “YOU”: singular y plural
    • Contexto decide si es tú/usted/ustedes.
    • Formas informales para el plural: you all, you guys, y’all (regional).
  5. “IT”: cosas, animales, ideas e IMPERSONAL
    • Cosas/animales cuando el sexo no importa: It is a cat.
    • Clima/tiempo/edad de cosas/distancias:
      • It’s raining 🌧️
      • It’s 5 o’clock ⏰
      • It’s 10 km to the beach.
  6. “THEY” SINGULAR NEUTRO (inclusivo/género desconocido)
    • They are a great doctor. (= esa persona)
  7. Preguntas: inversión con auxiliares
    • Are you ready? / Do they live here?
    • Con be: se invierte solo el verbo be. Con otros verbos, usa do/does.
  8. Énfasis
    • You did it! (Tú lo hiciste).
    • En respuestas cortas: I did / She didn’t.
  9. Después de “be” en respuestas
    • Uso real: It’s me / It’s her / It’s us. (La forma “It is I” suena formal/anticuada).
  10. Sujetos compuestos y cortesía
  • Mejor: My friend and I are here. (no I and my friend).
  • Evita usar forma objeto como sujeto: ❌ Me and John are… → ✔️ John and I are…
ERRORES TÍPICOS (Y CÓMO EVITARLOS) ⚠️
  • Omitir el sujeto: en inglés no se puede.
  • Confundir he/she por el género del sustantivo en español: recuerda he=él, she=ella.
  • Usar “it” para personas: no, salvo casos humorísticos o deshumanizantes.
  • Olvidar la -s con he/she/it: She speak ❌ → She speaks ✔️
  • No usar “it” en clima/tiempo: Is cold ❌ → It is cold ✔️
MINI GUÍA RÁPIDA 💡
  • Sujeto siempre presente.
  • I en mayúscula.
  • he/she/it + verbo -s en presente.
  • you sirve para tú/usted/ustedes.
  • it para cosas/clima/impersonal.
  • they también para singular sin género.
PRÁCTICA RÁPIDA (COMPLETA CON EL PRONOMBRE) ✍️
  1. ___ am from Chile.
  2. ___ is my sister; ___ lives in Lima.
  3. ___ are my best friends.
  4. ___ is raining today.
  5. ___ don’t like coffee, but ___ does.
  6. Where are ___ from? (usted)
  7. My brother and ___ are studying.

Soluciones:

I 2. She … she 3. They 4. It 5. I … he (o she) 6. you 7. I

VERBO “TO BE” (SER/ESTAR) 🧩

¿QUÉ ES? 🔎

To be es el verbo más importante del inglés. Funciona como verbo principal (ser/estar) y como auxiliar para formar otros tiempos (continuos y pasiva). En inglés siempre necesitas sujeto + verbo.

FORMAS ESENCIALES ✅
PRESENTE SIMPLE
PersonaAfirmativaContracciónNegativaContracciónPreguntaRespuesta corta
II amI’mI am notI’m notAm I…?Yes, I am / No, I’m not
YouYou areYou’reYou are notYou aren’t / You’re notAre you…?Yes, you are / No, you aren’t
He/She/ItisHe’s/She’s/It’sis notisn’tIs he/she/it…?Yes, he is / No, he isn’t
We/You/TheyareWe’re/You’re/They’reare notaren’tAre we/you/they…?Yes, we/you/they are / No, aren’t

👉 “I” siempre en mayúscula.

PASADO SIMPLE
  • I/he/she/it was | neg.: wasn’t | ¿?: Was …?
  • you/we/they were | neg.: weren’t | ¿?: Were …?
FUTURO Y CONDICIONAL
  • will be (futuro): I will be late → I’ll be late.
  • going to be (plan/intención): I’m going to be a nurse.
  • would be (hipótesis/cortesía): It would be great.
FORMAS NO PERSONALES
  • Participle: been (he has been busy).
  • -ing: being (He is being rude = “está comportándose” así).
  • Imperativo: Be careful! ⚠️
CUÁNDO SE USA (CON EJEMPLOS) 🧠
  1. Identidad / Profesión / Nacionalidad
    • She is Ana. She is a teacher. 👩‍🏫 (⚠️ a/an con profesiones)
    • He is Spanish. (nacionalidad como adjetivo sin artículo)
  2. Descripción (adjetivos / características)
    • The car is fast. / They are tall.
  3. Estado / Sentimientos
    • I am tired. / Are you angry? 😴
  4. Ubicación
    • The keys are on the table. 🔑
    • We are at home (no “in home”).
  5. Edad (en inglés se usa “be”, no “have”)
    • I am 20 (years old). 🎂
  6. Hora / Fecha / Día
    • It is 7 o’clock. / It is Monday. / It is August 15th. ⏰
  7. Clima / Temperatura / Distancias
    • It is cold. / It is 10 km to the beach. 🌧️
  8. Precio / Tamaño
    • It is €10. / The room is 3 meters wide.
  9. Existencia: “hay” → THERE IS / THERE ARE
    • There is a book on the desk. / There are two cats.
    • Diferencia: It is (identifica) vs. There is/are (existe).
      • It’s a cat (eso es un gato) vs. There’s a cat (hay un gato).
  10. Estructuras clave con “be”
    • Continuos: be + -ing → I am studying.
    • Pasiva: be + participio → The film was made in 2020. 🎬
    • Be supposed to (se supone que): You are supposed to wear a helmet.
    • Be able to (ser capaz de): I am able to help.
ERRORES TÍPICOS (Y CÓMO EVITARLOS) ⚠️
  • Omitir el sujeto: ❌ Is late → ✔️ It is late.
  • Edad con “have”: ❌ I have 20 years → ✔️ I am 20.
  • Concordancia:
    • ❌ People is → ✔️ People are (plural).
    • ❌ I is / you is → ✔️ I am / you are.
  • Profesiones sin artículo: ❌ She is engineer → ✔️ She is an engineer.
  • Confundir “it” (cosa/impersonal) con “he/she” (persona).
  • Elegir mal “is/are/was/were” según singular/plural y tiempo.
MINI RECETAS 🍳
  • IDENTIDAD: Sujeto + be + sustantivo → She is a doctor.
  • DESCRIPCIÓN: Sujeto + be + adjetivo → They are friendly.
  • UBICACIÓN: Sujeto + be + prep. + lugar → We are at school.
  • PREGUNTA: Be + sujeto…? → Are you ready?
  • NEGATIVA: Sujeto + be + not → He isn’t here.
PRÁCTICA RÁPIDA ✍️

A. Completa con la forma correcta (am/is/are/was/were/will be).

  1. I ___ 28.
  2. She ___ my best friend.
  3. They ___ at home yesterday.
  4. It ___ cold tomorrow.
  5. We ___ in Rome last week.
  6. ___ you ready?
  7. There ___ a problem now.
  8. He ___ not late (contracción).

B. Transforma a negativa y a pregunta.
9) They are happy. → Neg.: ___ / Preg.: ___
10) She was in Paris. → Neg.: ___ / Preg.: ___

C. IT o THERE (elige).
11) ___ is a café near here.
12) ___ is very late.

Soluciones:

There 12) It

am 2) is 3) were 4) will be 5) were 6) Are

is 8) isn’t

They aren’t happy. / Are they happy?

She wasn’t in Paris. / Was she in Paris?

ARTÍCULOS EN INGLÉS (A/AN, THE Y Ø) 📘

¿QUÉ SON? 🔎

Los artículos introducen al sustantivo y señalan si es específico o no.
En inglés hay tres formas:

  • Indefinidos: a / an (singular, NO específico).
  • Definido: the (específico).
  • CERO ARTÍCULO: Ø (sin artículo), muy frecuente. 🙂
A / AN (INDEFINIDOS) 🚪

Usa a/an con sustantivos contables singulares cuando hablas en general o por primera mención.

Regla de sonido (no de letra):

  • a + sonido consonántico: a university /juː-/, a one-way ticket /wʌn-/.
  • an + sonido vocálico: an hour /aʊ-/, an MBA /em-/, an apple.

Cuándo usar:

  • Primera vez / uno de varios: I saw a dog.
  • Profesiones: She is a doctor.
  • Clasificación: It’s a great idea.
  • Medidas / frecuencia: twice a week, €5 a kilo.
  • Expresiones típicas: What a day!, Such a nice place!, Half an hour.

No puedes usar a/an con:

  • Plurales: ❌ a books → ✔️ Ø books / some books.
  • Incontables: ❌ a water → ✔️ Ø water / some water.
THE (DEFINIDO) 🎯

Usa the cuando el referente es específico o único para hablante y oyente.

Principales usos:

  • Mención posterior / ya identificado: I saw a dog… The dog was brown.
  • Únicos: the sun, the sky, the internet.
  • Superlativos y ordinales: the best, the first.
  • Cosas compartidas por el contexto: Close the window, please.
  • Instrumentos / inventos (genérico): play the piano; the smartphone changed…
  • Grupos con adjetivo: the rich, the young.

Nombres geográficos (guía rápida):

  • Con THE: océanos/mares/ríos/desiertos/cordilleras/grupos de islas/zonas:
    the Atlantic, the Thames, the Sahara, the Alps, the Canary Islands, the Middle East.
  • Países/plurales o con “republic/kingdom/states”: the Netherlands, the Philippines, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic.
  • Sin THE: países simples/ciudades/continentes/montes aislados/lagos/calles/parques:
    Italy, Rome, Europe, (Mount) Everest, Lake Victoria, Oxford Street, Hyde Park.
    (Pero “the park / the lake” cuando hablas del lugar concreto del barrio.)

Instituciones y lugares comunes:

  • Edificio concreto: at the bank / in the hospital.
  • Actividad general (Ø): go to Ø school/university/work/prison/church/bed; be at Ø home. UK: in Ø hospital (como paciente) vs. in the hospital (edificio).

TV / cine: watch Ø TV, pero turn on the TV (aparato). go to the cinema.

Pronunciación útil:
the /ðə/ + consonante (the book) y /ðiː/ + vocal (the apple). 😉

Ø (CERO ARTÍCULO) 🫧

Se omite el artículo en muchos casos:

  • Plurales e incontables en general: Ø Books are expensive. Ø Love is important. Ø Water is essential.
  • Comidas, días, meses, idiomas, asignaturas (genérico):
    have Ø breakfast; on Ø Monday; in Ø July; speak Ø English; study Ø math.
    (Pero “the breakfast we made”, “the English of this text” cuando especificas.)
  • Deportes y actividades: play Ø football; go Ø shopping.
  • Transportes con “by”: by Ø car/train/bus (pero on the bus cuando es el vehículo concreto).
MAPA MENTAL RÁPIDO 🗺️
  1. ¿Es singular contable?
    • ¿Específico? → the
    • No específico / primera vez? → a/an
  2. ¿Plural o incontable?
    • General → Ø
    • Específico → the
ERRORES TÍPICOS ⚠️
  • “a/an” con plurales o incontables: ❌ a information → ✔️ Ø information / some information.
  • Olvidar “the” con ríos/mares/cordilleras: ❌ Ø Amazon → ✔️ the Amazon.
  • Poner “the” con países simples: ❌ the Italy → ✔️ Ø Italy.
  • Confundir edificio vs. actividad: ❌ go to the school (actividad general) → ✔️ go to Ø school.
  • Profesiones sin artículo: ❌ She is teacher → ✔️ She is a teacher.
PRÁCTICA (A/AN/THE/Ø) ✍️

Completa con a, an, the o Ø.

  1. I’m ___ engineer.
  2. She lives near ___ Thames.
  3. ___ water in this bottle is cold.
  4. He bought ___ umbrella and ___ coat.
  5. We go to ___ school by ___ bus.
  6. ___ Netherlands are in Europe.
  7. My dad plays ___ guitar.
  8. Everest is ___ highest mountain in ___ world.
  9. Do you speak ___ English at ___ work?
  10. I have lunch at ___ 1 p.m. every day.

Soluciones:

The 7) the 8) the … the 9) Ø … Ø 10) Ø

an 2) the 3) The 4) an … a 5) Ø … Ø (pero on the bus si es el vehículo concreto)

ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS🧩

¿QUÉ SON? 🔎

Son palabras que van antes del sustantivo y muestran a quién pertenece algo. En inglés no cambian por género ni número del objeto; dependen de quién posee.

LISTA Y EQUIVALENCIAS 🇬🇧↔️🇪🇸
SujetoAdjetivo posesivoEspañol aproximado
Imymi / mis
youyourtu / tus / su(s) (usted)
hehissu / sus (de él)
shehersu / sus (de ella)
ititssu / sus (de eso/animal/cosa)
weournuestro/a/os/as
you (plural)yourvuestro/a/os/as / su(s)
theytheirsu / sus (de ellos/ellas)

Ej.: my book, her keys, their house.

CÓMO SE USAN ✅
  1. POSICIÓN: siempre antes del sustantivo.
    • ✔️ my car, their ideas.
  2. SIN ARTÍCULO: no pongas the/a con posesivo.
    • ❌ the my car → ✔️ my car.
  3. ACUERDO CON EL POSEEDOR: elige my/your/his… según la persona que posee, no por el sustantivo.
    • ✔️ her car / her cars (mismo her en singular y plural).
  4. PERSONAS VS COSAS:
    • his (de él), her (de ella), its (de cosa/animal).
    • their también para persona singular neutra: This is their desk.
  5. ENFÁTICO CON “OWN” (PROPIO/A):
    • my own room, on your own (= solo/a).
  6. POSESIÓN DOBLE (ESTILO NATURAL): para personas: a friend of my dad’s / a friend of mine.
DIFERENCIA: ADJETIVOS VS. PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS 🧠
  • Adjetivo posesivo + sustantivo: This is my book.
  • Pronombre posesivo (solo):This book is mine.
    • mine, yours, his, hers, its (raro), ours, yours, theirs.
CONFUSIONES COMUNES ⚠️
  • its (posesión) vs. it’s (= it is / it has).
    • The cat cleaned its paws. 🐾
    • “It’s raining.”
  • your (posesión) vs. you’re (= you are).
    • Is this your bag? / You’re right.
  • their (posesión) vs. they’re (= they are) vs. there (lugar).
    • This is their car. / They’re here. / over there.
ERRORES TÍPICOS (Y CÓMO EVITARLOS) 🚧
  • ❌ She is doctor of my sister → ✔️ She is my sister’s doctor.
  • ❌ This is the my phone → ✔️ This is my phone.
  • ❌ The table lost it’s leg → ✔️ The table lost its leg.
  • ❌ Me and my friend lost our’s tickets → ✔️ My friend and I lost our tickets.
  • ❌ Her hairs are long (hair es incontable en general) → ✔️ Her hair is long.
MINI RECETAS 🍪
  • POSESIÓN BÁSICA: posesivo + sustantivo → our home.
  • ÉNFASIS: posesivo + own + sustantivo → her own company.
  • ALTERNATIVA NATURAL: sustantivo + ’s → Emma’s laptop; o the X of Y → the roof of the house.
PRÁCTICA RÁPIDA ✍️

Completa con my/your/his/her/its/our/their.

  1. Is this ___ pen? (usted)
  2. The dog is friendly. ___ tail is short.
  3. Carlos lost ___ keys, but Ana found ___ wallet.
  4. We love ___ teacher; ___ classes are clear.
  5. The team won ___ first match.
  6. Maria and Luis sold ___ car because ___ family grew.
  7. I can’t find ___ phone. Where did you put ___?

Soluciones:

their 6) their … their 7) my … yours (si “tu teléfono”); o it si se refiere al teléfono de I (pronombre objeto).

your 2) its 3) his … her 4) our … her (si la maestra es de ellos; si es de ambos “their”)

DEMOSTRATIVOS EN INGLÉS (THIS / THAT / THESE / THOSE) 📍

¿QUÉ SON? 🔎

Los demostrativos señalan distancia (cerca/lejos), número (singular/plural) y a veces tiempo (presente/pasado). Funcionan como:

  • Determinantes (van antes del sustantivo): this book.
  • Pronombres (van solos): This is mine.
MAPA RÁPIDO 🇬🇧↔️🇪🇸
DistanciaSingularPluralEquivalencia aproximada
Cerca (del hablante)thistheseeste/esta • estos/estas
Lejos (del hablante)thatthoseese/esa/aquel/aquella • esos/esas/aquellos/aquellas

Nota: that/those cubren tanto ese/esa como aquel/aquella.

CÓMO SE USAN ✅
1) COMO DETERMINANTES (antes del sustantivo)
  • this + singular contable o incontable: this phone, this water
  • these + plural: these phones
  • that + singular: that idea
  • those + plural: those ideas

Ejemplos:

  • I like this song. 🎵 (cerca / actual)
  • Look at those mountains! ⛰️ (lejos)
2) COMO PRONOMBRES (solos)
  • Who’s calling? — This is Tom. ☎️
  • I prefer those. (= esos/ellas)
3) DISTANCIA FÍSICA Y “MENTAL”
  • this/these: cerca del hablante o tema actual.
    Listen to this: it’s important.
  • that/those: lejos o tema ya mencionado/ajeno.
    I don’t agree with that.
4) TIEMPO ⏳
  • this/these = ahora / reciente: this morning, these days
  • that/those = pasado / anterior: that day, those years
  • I’ll call you this evening. / I remember those days.
5) CONTRASTE “ESTE… ESE…”
  • I’ll take this coffee and that muffin. ☕🧁
6) PRESENTACIONES Y A LA PUERTA
  • — Who’s there? — It’s me. / — Who is this?
  • — This is Ana. Nice to meet you!
7) CON “HERE/THERE” (opcional, para enfatizar)
  • this/these + here, that/those + there:
    Put those boxes there; keep these here.
8) “THIS/THAT + ONE/ONES” (para no repetir)
  • Which pen? — This one / These (ones). En estilo cuidado, se prefiere these/those (sin ones) en plural: I like those.
9) INCONTABLES (singular)
  • Usa this/that con incontables: this information / that advice (no plural).
ERRORES TÍPICOS ⚠️
  • ❌ this books → ✔️ these books
  • ❌ these kind → ✔️ this kind / these kinds
  • ❌ those people is → ✔️ those people are (concordancia)
  • ❌ Usar that para personas con tono despectivo sin querer (that woman…). Mejor neutro: that person / she.
  • ❌ Confundir there (lugar) con their (posesivo) y they’re (they are).
  • ❌ Plural con incontable: these informations → this information
MINI RECETAS 🍪
  • SEÑALAR: (this/that/these/those) + sustantivo → those shoes.
  • IDENTIFICAR: (This/That) + be + nombre → This is my sister.
  • CONTRASTE: this … but that … → This one is cheaper, but that one is faster.
PRÁCTICA RÁPIDA ✍️

A. Completa con THIS / THAT / THESE / THOSE.

  1. I don’t like ___ shoes; I prefer ___ ones over there.
  2. ___ coffee is too hot, but ___ tea is perfect.
  3. Who’s ___ at the door?
  4. Do you remember ___ summer when we met?
  5. ___ information is very useful. (incontable)

B. Elige (determinante o pronombre).
6) ___ is my seat. (identificar)
7) Is ___ your car or ___? (cerca vs. lejos)

C. Corrige si es necesario.
8) This books are new.
9) Those people is friendly.
10) These kind of problems are common.

SOLUCIONES:

This kind of problems… (o “These kinds of problems…”)

these … those 2) This … that 3) that 4) that 5) This

This 7) this … that

These books are new.

Those people are friendly.

THERE IS / THERE ARE (HAY) 🔍

¿QUÉ ES?

Estructura existencial para decir que existe o hay algo en un lugar/tiempo. En español todo es “hay”; en inglés cambia por singular/plural y tiempo.

FORMA BÁSICA ✅
  • Singular / incontable:There is (= hay) → There’s (contracción)
    • There is a cat. / There’s water.
  • Plural:There are (= hay)
    • There are two cats.

Negativa:

  • There isn’t (sing./incont.) → There isn’t any milk.
  • There aren’t (plural) → There aren’t any cookies.

Pregunta:

  • Is there…? (sing./incont.) → Is there a bus?
  • Are there…? (plural) → Are there any buses?
  • Respuestas cortas: Yes, there is/are. · No, there isn’t/aren’t.

Orden típico (receta):
There + be + (quantifier) + noun + place/time

There are two parks near here.
There is a lot of traffic today.

CUÁNDO USARLO 🧭
  • Existencia/presencia: There is a problem.
  • Disponibilidad: Is there a table for two?
  • Descripción de lugares: There are many shops on this street.

NO identifica; para identificar usa it:

  • There is a cafe on the corner. (existe)
  • It is small and cozy. (lo describe)
CUANTIFICADORES ÚTILES (RÁPIDO) 🧪
  • some/any (plural/incont.) → There are some apples / any?
  • no (fuerte): There is no time (= There isn’t any time).
  • much/many: There isn’t much sugar / many people.
  • a lot of / lots of / plenty of (ambos): There are a lot of cars.
  • a few / a little: There are a few chairs / There is a little rice.
  • enough: There are enough seats.
OTROS TIEMPOS ⏳
  • Pasado:There was (sing./incont.) / There were (pl.)
    • There was a storm; There were long lines.
  • Presente perfecto:There has/have been
    • There has been a mistake; There have been changes.
  • Futuro:There will be / There is going to be
    • There will be an exam tomorrow.
  • Modales: There might be / must be / can’t be…
DETALLES Y TRUCOS 🎯
  • “There’s + plural” es común en oral informal cuando lo primero es singular o se piensa mientras hablas:
    • There’s a pen and two books on the table.
    • En escritura cuidada, usa There are.
  • Incontables llevan is: There is furniture / traffic / information. (no plural)
  • Lugar/tiempo suelen ir al final: There are three parks in my town.
ERRORES TÍPICOS ⚠️
  • ❌ There is many people → ✔️ There are many people.
  • ❌ Is there apples? → ✔️ Are there apples?
  • ❌ There isn’t many chairs → ✔️ There aren’t many chairs.
  • ❌ Usar have como en español: Has a problem → ✔️ There is a problem.
PRÁCTICA RÁPIDA ✍️

A. Completa con “is/are/was/were/will be”.

  1. There ___ a supermarket near here.
  2. There ___ two emails for you yesterday.
  3. There ___ going to ___ a party tonight.
  4. There ___ no milk in the fridge.
  5. There ___ many reasons to try.

B. Transforma a pregunta y negativa.
6) There is a bus at 8 a.m. → ¿? / Neg.: ___
7) There are some mistakes. → ¿? / Neg.: ___

C. Elige el cuantificador correcto (some/any/no/a lot of/a few/a little).
8) There are ___ chairs but not many.
9) Is there ___ rice left?
10) There is ___ time; relax.
11) There are ___ cars on Sundays.
12) There is ___ sugar; we can’t bake.

SOLUCIONES
A: 1) is 2) were 3) is … be 4) is 5) are
B: 6) Is there a bus at 8 a.m.? / There isn’t a bus at 8 a.m.
7) Are there any mistakes? / There aren’t any mistakes. (o There are no mistakes)
C: 8) a few 9) any 10) a lot of (o plenty of) 11) a lot of (según contexto) 12) no

PRESENTE SIMPLE (SIMPLE PRESENT) ✅

¿QUÉ ES? 🔎

Tiempo verbal para hablar de hábitos, rutinas, hechos generales, verdades permanentes y horarios.
Estructura base: Sujeto + verbo (forma base). En he/she/it el verbo lleva -s.

FORMAS BÁSICAS 🧩

Afirmativa

  • I/you/we/they + verb: I work, They play
  • he/she/it + verb-s: She works, It rains

Excepciones de ortografía en 3ª persona:

  • -es: verbos que terminan en -o, -ch, -sh, -ss, -x, -z → go → goes, watch → watches
  • y → ies (si hay consonante antes): study → studies (pero play → plays)
  • do → does, have → has

Negativa

  • I/you/we/they don’t + verb (base): I don’t eat
  • he/she/it doesn’t + verb (base): She doesn’t eat Ojo: no “doesn’t eats”, el verbo va sin -s.

Interrogativa

  • Do + I/you/we/they + verb (base)…? → Do they live here?
  • Does + he/she/it + verb (base)…? → Does he play tennis?
  • Respuestas cortas: Yes, I do / No, she doesn’t

Verbo BE (ser/estar) es especial

  • Afirm.: I am, You/We/They are, He/She/It is
  • Neg.: am not / aren’t / isn’t
  • Preg.: Am I…? / Are you…? / Is he…?
    (Con be no se usa do/does).
CUÁNDO SE USA 🧭 (CON EJEMPLOS)
  1. HÁBITOS Y RUTINAS
    I get up at 7. She goes to the gym on Mondays.
  2. HECHOS GENERALES / VERDADES
    Water boils at 100°C. The sun rises in the east.
  3. ESTADOS (verbos “estativos”) – normalmente no usan -ing
    I like coffee. She knows the answer. They want a refund.
  4. HORARIOS / PROGRAMAS (transportes, eventos fijos)
    The train leaves at 9:15. The shop opens at 10.
  5. INSTRUCCIONES / RECETAS / RESEÑAS
    You press this button. First, you mix the eggs.
  6. NARRACIÓN DEPORTIVA / TITULARES
    Ronaldo scores! Company announces new product.
ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA 🕒

always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never

  • Posición: antes del verbo principal → She usually drives.
  • Con be: después de be → He is always late.
  • Expresiones: every day, once/twice a week, on Mondays, at 6 a.m.
PRESENTE SIMPLE VS. CONTINUO 🥊
  • Simple (rutina/siempre): I work from home.
  • Continuo (ahora/momento temporal): I’m working right now.
  • Verbos estativos (know, like, want, believe, need, understand, prefer, love, hate, belong, own, seem) → casi siempre presente simple, no I’m knowing ❌.
ERRORES TÍPICOS ⚠️
  • ❌ She don’t like tea → ✔️ She doesn’t like tea.
  • ❌ He playses → ✔️ He plays / He watches (según terminación)
  • ❌ Does she likes? → ✔️ Does she like?
  • ❌ Omitir el sujeto: Is hot → ✔️ It is hot.
  • ❌ Usar have por edad: I have 20 years → ✔️ I am 20.
MINI RECETAS 🍪
  • Afirmar: S + V(s) → He works late.
  • Negar: S + don’t/doesn’t + V(base) → We don’t eat meat.
  • Preguntar: Do/Does + S + V(base)? → Do you live here?
  • Horarios: S + V(s) + time → The bus leaves at 8:00.
  • Frecuencia: S + (adv) + V → They often study at night.
PRÁCTICA RÁPIDA ✍️

A. Completa con la forma correcta (present simple).

  1. She ___ (go) to work by bus.
  2. We ___ (not/watch) TV on weekdays.
  3. ___ your brother ___ (play) chess?
  4. The museum ___ (open) at 10.
  5. I ___ (like) jazz but my wife ___ (prefer) rock.

B. Corrige los errores.
6) He don’t studies English on Sunday.
7) Do she likes coffee?
8) My parents goes to Italy every year.
9) Is rains a lot in April.
10) She is never late → (cámbialo a verbo no “be”: arrive)

C. Elige SIMPLE o CONTINUO.
11) Be quiet! I ___ (study).
12) I ___ (study) every morning.

SOLUCIONES

am studying (continuo) 12) study (simple)

goes 2) don’t watch 3) Does … play 4) opens 5) like … prefers

He doesn’t study English on Sundays.

Does she like coffee?

My parents go to Italy every year.

It rains a lot in April.

She never arrives late.

PRESENTE CONTINUO (PRESENT CONTINUOUS) 🔄

¿QUÉ ES? 🔎

Tiempo para acciones en progreso ahora o en un periodo temporal.
Fórmula: Sujeto + BE (am/is/are) + verbo-ing

I’m studying now. · She’s working these days.

FORMAS BÁSICAS ✅

Afirmativa:

  • I am working → I’m working
  • You/We/They are working → You’re/We’re/They’re working
  • He/She/It is working → He’s/She’s/It’s working

Negativa:

  • I’m not working
  • You/We/They aren’t working
  • He/She/It isn’t working

Interrogativa:

  • Am I working?
  • Are you/we/they working?
  • Is he/she/it working?
    Respuestas cortas: Yes, I am / No, she isn’t…

⚠️ Con BE no uses do/does.
❌ Do you studying? → ✔️ Are you studying?

ORTOGRAFÍA DEL -ING ✍️
  • play → playing, read → reading
  • -e final muda: make → making, write → writing (pero see → seeing)
  • CVC (consonante-vocal-consonante) acentuada: run → running, sit → sitting
  • -ie → -ying: lie → lying, die → dying
CUÁNDO SE USA 🧭 (CON EJEMPLOS)
  1. Acción ahora / en este momento ⏰
    I’m cooking right now.
  2. Periodo temporal (no permanente)
    She’s living in Madrid this month.
  3. Cambios/tendencias 📈
    More people are working remotely.
  4. Planes acordados (futuro cercano) 📅
    We’re meeting Tom tomorrow at 6.
  5. Comportamiento temporal (“be being”)
    He’s being rude today. (= se está comportando así)
  6. Repetición molesta con “always/constantly” 😤
    You’re always leaving the lights on!

Marcadores típicos: now, right now, at the moment, today, this week, these days, currently, tonight.

PRESENTE CONTINUO × PRESENTE SIMPLE 🥊
  • Continuo: acción temporal/en curso → I’m working from home this week.
  • Simple: rutina/hecho → I work from home on Fridays.
  • Horarios fijos: usar simple → The train leaves at 9:10.
VERBOS “ESTATIVOS” (USO NORMAL EN SIMPLE) 🧠

Normalmente no van en -ing cuando expresan estado/opinión/posesión/percepción:
know, believe, like, love, hate, want, need, understand, prefer, mean, belong, own, seem, remember, forget, owe, cost…

Cambios de significado (sí permiten -ing)

  • think: I think it’s bad (opino) / I’m thinking about it (considerando)
  • have: I have a car (posesión) / I’m having lunch (actividad)
  • see: I see your point (entender) / I’m seeing my dentist (cita)
  • taste/smell/feel/look: The soup tastes great (propiedad) / I’m tasting the soup (probar)
ERRORES TÍPICOS ⚠️
  • Omitir BE: ❌ I studying → ✔️ I am studying
  • Doble marca: ❌ He doesn’t is working → ✔️ He isn’t working
  • Usar continuo con estados: ❌ I’m knowing → ✔️ I know
  • Mezclar -s y -ing: ❌ She’s works → ✔️ She’s working
  • Horarios con continuo: ❌ The bus is leaving at 8 (horario fijo) → ✔️ The bus leaves at 8
MINI RECETAS 🍪
  • Ahora mismo: S + am/is/are + V-ing → We’re eating now.
  • Negar: S + am/is/are + not + V-ing → She isn’t studying.
  • Preguntar: Am/Is/Are + S + V-ing? → Are they coming?
  • Plan acordado: S + be + V-ing + time → I’m flying on Friday.
PRÁCTICA RÁPIDA ✍️

A. Completa con la forma correcta (am/is/are + -ing).

  1. She ___ (study) now.
  2. We ___ (not/work) today.
  3. ___ you ___ (watch) the match?
  4. It ___ (rain) right now.
  5. I ___ (have) lunch; call me later.

B. Elige SIMPLE o CONTINUO.
6) I ___ (live) in Rome these days.
7) I ___ (live) in Rome permanently.
8) The train ___ (leave) at 9.
9) Look! The cat ___ (sleep).
10) She ___ (think) this is a bad idea.

C. Corrige los errores.
11) I studying English.
12) He not is working.
13) Are she coming?
14) They are play football.
15) I’m seeing your point. (significa “entiendo tu punto”)

SOLUCIONES
A: 1) is studying 2) aren’t working 3) Are … watching 4) is raining 5) am having
B: 6) am living 7) live 8) leaves 9) is sleeping 10) thinks
C: 11) I am studying English.
12) He isn’t working.
13) Is she coming?
14) They are playing football.
15) I see your point.

EL VERBO “TO HAVE” (TENER / AUXILIAR DEL PERFECTO) 🔧

¿QUÉ ES? 🔎

To have sirve para:

  1. POSESIÓN / RELACIÓN → I have a car.
  2. ACTIVIDADES/EXPERIENCIAS con sustantivo → have breakfast, have a shower, have fun.
  3. OBLIGACIÓN con have to → I have to study.
  4. AUXILIAR de los tiempos perfectos → I have finished.
FORMAS CLAVE ✅
  • Base: have
  • 3ª persona (he/she/it): has
  • Pasado simple: had
  • Participio pasado: had
  • -ing: having
PRESENTE SIMPLE (VERBO PRINCIPAL)
  • Afirm.: I/you/we/they have; he/she/it has
    She has two brothers.
  • Neg.: don’t have / doesn’t have
    He doesn’t have time.
  • Preg.: Do you have…? / Does she have…?

⚠️ No digas “He hasn’t a car” en inglés general; usa doesn’t have (o hasn’t got con have got, ver abajo).

PASADO SIMPLE
  • Afirm.: had → We had a meeting.
  • Neg.: didn’t have → They didn’t have time.
  • Preg.: Did you have…?
“HAVE GOT” (POSESIÓN, PRESENTE) 🇬🇧

Muy común en el inglés británico, solo en presente.

  • Afirm.: I/you/we/they have got / He/She/It has got
    → I’ve got, She’s got
  • Neg.: haven’t got / hasn’t got
  • Preg.: Have you got…? / Has she got…?

Equivale a “have/has” de posesión:
She has a car = She has got a car.

No se usa para actividades: ❌ I’ve got breakfast → ✔️ I have breakfast.

USOS PRINCIPALES 🧭
1) POSESIÓN / CARACTERÍSTICAS / RELACIONES
  • They have a big house.
  • She has blue eyes.
  • I have two sisters.
2) ACTIVIDADES/EXPERIENCIAS (HAVE + SUSTANTIVO) 🎯
  • Comidas: have breakfast/lunch/dinner
  • Salud: have a headache/cold/fever (pero “tener hambre/sed” → be hungry/thirsty)
  • Reuniones/tiempo: have a meeting/break/a good time
  • Conflicto: have an argument
  • Pruebas: have an exam/interview
3) OBLIGACIÓN: HAVE TO (semi-modal) ⛳
  • Presente: I have to work; She has to wear a uniform.
  • Pasado: We had to wait.
  • Preg./Neg.: Do you have to …? / I don’t have to go. (= no es necesario)
  • Have got to (informal, presente): I’ve got to go. (= have to)
  • Matiz con MUST:
    • must = obligación interna/autoridad del hablante.
    • have to = obligación externa (reglas/situación).
    • Negativos: mustn’t = prohibido; don’t have to = no es necesario.
4) AUXILIAR DE PRESENT PERFECT Y PAST PERFECT 🧩
  • have/has + participio: I’ve finished; She has seen it.
  • had + participio: They had left before 8.
  • Contracciones: I’ve/You’ve/He’s/She’s/It’s/We’ve/They’ve Ojo: He’s = he is o he has (depende del contexto).
5) CAUSATIVA: HAVE/GET + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE 🧰
  • I had my hair cut. (= otro lo hizo por mí)
  • We had the car repaired yesterday.
  • (Informal con get): I got my phone fixed.
6) “HAD BETTER” (CONSEJO FUERTE) 🔔
  • You’d better leave now. (= es mejor que; no es “have” de posesión).
DIFERENCIAS ÚTILES 🧠
  • Edad: en inglés no se usa have: I am 20. (no I have 20)
  • Hambre/sed/sueño: I am hungry/tired/sleepy. (pero have a headache)
  • Preguntas de posesión (dos estilos):
    • AmE/Global: Do you have a car?
    • BrE: Have you got a car?
ERRORES TÍPICOS ⚠️
  • ❌ She don’t has → ✔️ She doesn’t have
  • ❌ He hasn’t a laptop (general) → ✔️ He doesn’t have a laptop / He hasn’t got a laptop
  • ❌ I’ve 20 years → ✔️ I’m 20 years old
  • ❌ Mezclar auxiliar have del perfecto con posesión:
    • She has a car (posesión)
    • She has finished (auxiliar del perfecto)
MINI RECETAS 🍪
  • Posesión (presente): S + have/has + noun
  • Posesión (pasado): S + had + noun
  • Obligación: S + have/has/had to + V(base)
  • Perfecto: S + have/has/had + V(pp)
  • Causativa: S + have + object + V(pp)
PRÁCTICA RÁPIDA ✍️

A. Completa (have/has/had/don’t have/doesn’t have/didn’t have).

  1. She ___ two cats, but she ___ a dog.
  2. We ___ to leave now; the shop closes at 6. (have to)
  3. I ___ a meeting yesterday at 3.
  4. ___ you ___ any questions? (AmE)
  5. He ___ an appointment this morning. (BrE, have got)

B. Elige AUXILIAR o PRINCIPAL.
6) She has finished the report. → (auxiliar/principal)
7) She has a new laptop. → (auxiliar/principal)

C. Reescribe (BrE → have got).
8) Do you have a minute? → ___
9) They don’t have any cash. → ___

D. Causativa.
10) Ayer arreglaron mi coche. → I ___ my car ___ yesterday.

SOLUCIONES

I had my car repaired yesterday.

has … doesn’t have

have (We have to leave now…)

had

Do … have

has got

Auxiliar

Principal

Have you got a minute?

They haven’t got any cash.

PREPOSICIONES EN INGLÉS 🧭

¿QUÉ SON? 🔎

Palabras cortas que enlazan elementos y señalan lugar, tiempo, movimiento, manera, causa, etc.
Siempre van antes de un sustantivo / pronombre / gerundio (-ing): on the table, at night, without seeing.

LAS 3 CLAVE: IN / ON / AT ✅
A) LUGAR
  • IN = dentro / área cerrada: in a room, in London, in the car
  • ON = encima con contacto / superficie: on the table, on the wall, on the bus/train/plane
  • AT = punto exacto: at home, at school, at the door, at 21 Baker St.
B) TIEMPO
  • IN = meses, años, siglos, partes del día: in July, in 2025, in the morning
  • ON = días y fechas: on Monday, on August 16th
  • AT = hora precisa / momentos fijos: at 7:30, at night, at the weekend (BrE) / on the weekend (AmE)

🚫 Sin preposición con this/last/next: See you next Monday (no on).

MOVIMIENTO 🚶‍♀️
  • to (hacia / destino): go to work
  • into (hacia dentro): go into the room
  • onto (hacia encima): jump onto the bed
  • from (origen): come from Spain
  • out of / off (salir / bajar): get out of the car; get off the bus
  • through / across / along / past / around / towards / up / down
    • through (a través de), across (cruzando), along (a lo largo de), past (pasando), around (alrededor), towards (en dirección a), up/down (subir/bajar)
OTRAS FRECUENTES 🎯
  • of (posesión, parte de): the roof of the house
  • for (propósito/duración): a gift for you; for two hours
  • since / for (inicio/duración): since 2020; for 3 years
  • by (autor/medio/límite): a book by Orwell; by car; by Friday (como tarde)
  • until/till (hasta un punto): wait until 6
  • before / after / during: before lunch, after class, during the meeting
  • with / without: with sugar; without glasses
  • about (sobre), around (aprox./alrededor), between (dos), among (más de dos)
  • over / above (encima, sin contacto): a lamp above the table; a plane over the city
  • under / below (debajo): under the table; temperatures below zero
  • next to / beside (al lado), near/by (cerca), in front of (delante), behind (detrás), opposite (enfrente)
LOCUCIONES (MULTIPALABRA) 🧩

because of, due to, thanks to, instead of, in front of, out of, according to, in charge of, on behalf of, in spite of / despite.

PATRONES FIJOS (¡MEMORIZA ESTOS!) 🧠

Verbos + preposición

  • look at / for / after, listen to, wait for, depend on, belong to, pay for, apologize for, complain about, talk to/with/about, think about/of, dream of/about, agree with, rely on, succeed in.

Adjetivos + preposición

  • good/bad at, interested in, afraid of, proud of, responsible for, famous for, similar to, different from (BrE también different to), married to, keen on.

Sustantivos + preposición

  • reason for, need for, increase/decrease in, rise/drop in, demand for, solution to, problem with.
DIFERENCIAS TÍPICAS PARA HISPANOHABLANTES ⚠️
  • arrive in/at: in país/ciudad; at lugar puntual → arrive in Rome / at the airport
  • go home (sin to), be at home
  • in a car (dentro de coche) pero on the bus/train/plane/ship
  • by vs until: Finish it by Friday (como fecha límite). I’m here until Friday (hasta ese momento).
  • during vs for: during the meeting (cuándo), for two hours (duración).
  • between (dos) vs among (más de dos).
  • for vs to (propósito): a key to the door; a bag for books.
  • by (agente en pasiva): It was written by her.
  • made of/from/out of/with: madera visible (of), proceso (from), material cambiado (out of), herramienta/ingrediente (with).
TRUCOS DE USO 💡
  • En inglés es natural terminar frases con preposición:
    Who are you talking to? (correcto 😉)
  • Después de preposición, usa -ing si va verbo: without saying.
  • Con tiempos: on + day/date, in + month/year/parts of day, at + hour/night/noon/midnight.
MINI RECETAS 🍪
  • Lugar general / superficie / punto → in / on / at
  • Día / parte del día / hora → on / in / at
  • Movimiento: to destino · into/onto “hacia dentro/encima” · from origen
PRÁCTICA RÁPIDA ✍️

A. Completa con IN / ON / AT.

  1. The keys are ___ the table.
  2. She lives ___ Paris.
  3. The meeting is ___ 3 p.m.
  4. We usually go out ___ Fridays.
  5. I study ___ the morning.

B. Elige la opción correcta.
6) We arrived ___ (in/at) the station at 7.
7) I go ___ (to/—) home after work.
8) I’m interested ___ (in/on) robotics.
9) Finish the report ___ (by/until) Monday.
10) He walked ___ (across/through) the park to the other side.

C. Corrige si es necesario.
11) I’m waiting to you.
12) They got in the bus.
13) I was born on 2000.
14) She’s good in math.
15) I’m here by Friday. (quieres decir “hasta”)

SOLUCIONES
A: 1) on 2) in 3) at 4) on 5) in
B: 6) at 7) — (go home) 8) in 9) by 10) across
C: 11) waiting for you 12) got on the bus 13) born in 2000 14) good at math 15) I’m here until Friday

DEMOSTRATIVOS (THIS / THAT / THESE / THOSE) 🔎➡️

IDEA CLAVE (ULTRARÁPIDA) 🧠
  • THIS (sing.) / THESE (pl.) = cerca del hablante o tema actual → this phone, these shoes
  • THAT (sing.) / THOSE (pl.) = lejos del hablante o tema ya mencionado → that car, those ideas

Equivalentes aprox. al español: este/esta/estos/estas ↔ this/these; ese/esa/aquel/aquella/esos/esas/aquellos/aquellas ↔ that/those.

USOS ESENCIALES ✅
  1. Determinantes (+ sustantivo)
    • this book, these apples / that house, those people
  2. Pronombres (solos)
    • This is my seat. · I prefer those.
  3. Distancia física o “mental”
    • Listen to this (idea actual).
    • I don’t agree with that (lo anterior/ajeno).
  4. Tiempo
    • this morning/these days (presente/reciente)
    • that day/those years (pasado / ya “alejado”)
  5. Near the listener (cerca del oyente)
    • Can you pass me that pen (near you)?
  6. Actitud/énfasis (positiva/negativa)
    • Try this one (recomendación).
    • I can’t stand that noise!
TRUCOS PRÁCTICOS 🎯
  • Mapa mental: ¿Cerca del hablante? this/these. ¿Lejos (o ya “cerrado”)? that/those. Singular/plural decide la forma.
  • Incontables usan singular: this information / that advice (no these informations ❌).
  • Con “one/ones” para no repetir: this one / those (ones).
  • Con here/there (énfasis): Put these here; leave those there.
  • Presentaciones y llamadas: This is Ana. · Who’s that?
  • En textos/imágenes: this para lo que viene, that para lo que ya pasó.
PATRONES ÚTILES 🧩
  • this/that kind of + sing. → this kind of problem (no these kind).
  • those who + verbo → Those who arrive late must wait. (= “quienes…”)
  • like this / like that (= así/asá) → Do it like this.
  • That’s it / That’s why / If that’s the case → expresiones de discurso.
  • Demostrativo + of + pronombre → some of these, many of those.
ERRORES COMUNES ⚠️
  • ❌ this books → ✔️ these books
  • ❌ these kind of problems → ✔️ this kind of problems / these kinds of problems
  • ❌ those people is → ✔️ those people are
  • ❌ Usar that para personas con tono despectivo sin querer. Mejor: that person / he / she según el caso.
MINI TEST RÁPIDO ✍️

A. Completa con THIS / THAT / THESE / THOSE.

  1. ___ shoes here are cheaper than ___ over there.
  2. Do you remember ___ day we met?
  3. ___ information is very useful. (incontable)
  4. Who’s ___ at the door?
  5. I’ll take ___ apples and ___ bananas, please.

B. Corrige si es necesario.
6) These kind of jokes are rude.
7) That people are very friendly.
8) I don’t like thiss movie.

C. Elige (determinante o pronombre).
9) —Which T-shirt do you want? —___ one. (cerca)
10) ___ is my friend Sara. (presentación)

SOLUCIONES

This is my friend Sara.

These … those

that

This

that

these … those

This kind of jokes… / These kinds of jokes…

Those people are very friendly.

This movie (y ortografía correcta).

This one.

CONTABLES VS. INCONTABLES + CUANTIFICADORES 🧮

¿QUÉ SON? 🔎
  • Sustantivos contables (C): se pueden contar → singular/plural; van con a/an, numbers.
    a book, two books, three apples.
  • Sustantivos incontables (U): no se cuentan como unidades separadas; no plural; sin a/an.
    water, rice, furniture, information, money, advice, homework, luggage, music, news (U).

Test rápido: ¿puedo decir “one ___”? Si no, probablemente es U.

REGLAS CLAVE ✅
  • Verbo:
    • C plural → are: The books are new.
    • U → is: The furniture is expensive.
  • A/AN solo con C singular: a chair ✔️ · a furniture ❌
  • How many (C) vs How much (U): How many chairs? / How much sugar?
CUANTIFICADORES ÚTILES (MAPA RÁPIDO) 🗺️
Solo CSolo UAmbos (C y U)
many, (a) few, several, a number ofmuch, (a) little, an amount ofa lot of / lots of, plenty of, some/any, enough, no, all/most/some/any/none (of)
  • few (pocas, insuficientes) vs a few (algunas, suficientes) → C
    We have few chairs (malas noticias). We have a few chairs (suficiente).
  • little vs a little → U
    There’s little time (casi nada). There’s a little time (algo).
  • much/many: en afirmativas cotidianas se prefiere a lot of / lots of.
    There are a lot of people. (más natural que many en habla informal)
  • no = cero (fuerte): We have no time. (= We don’t have any time)
  • enough (= suficiente): There is enough water / enough chairs.
  • too much / too many (= demasiado): too much traffic (U), too many cars (C).
  • most / most of: Most people… / Most of the people…
    (con the/my/these → usa of)
“PIEZAS/ENVASES” PARA HABLAR DE U COMO C 📦
  • a piece of advice / furniture / information / news
  • a bottle of water · a cup of tea · a slice of bread · a loaf of bread · a bar of chocolate · a kilo/litre of …

Así conviertes algo U en una unidad contable.

PLURALES ESPECIALES 👖✂️
  • Plural fijo: trousers, jeans, scissors, glasses (gafas) → usan are.
    Para una unidad: a pair of trousers/scissors/glasses.
  • People (gente) = plural: People are. (persons es formal/específico)
  • Police = plural: The police are investigating.
PATRONES FRECUENTES 🧩
  • the number of + C plural → verbo singular: The number of students is rising.
  • a number of + C plural → verbo plural: A number of students are absent.
  • amount of + U / quantity of + C/U
  • both (C pl.) · either/neither (sing.) · each/every (sing.)
ERRORES TÍPICOS ⚠️
  • informations, advices, furnitures ❌ → information, advice, furniture (U, sin plural)
  • many money ❌ → much/a lot of money ✔️
  • a fuel ❌ → some fuel / a litre of fuel ✔️
  • less cars ❌ (C) → fewer cars ✔️ (U sí: less time)
  • an information ❌ → a piece of information ✔️
MINI RECETAS 🍪
  • C: many / (a) few / several / a number of + C pl.
  • U: much / (a) little / an amount of + U
  • Ambos: a lot of / some / any / plenty of / enough / no + C pl./U
  • Pregunta/negativa: any / many / much; some para ofertas/pedidos:
    Would you like some tea? · Do you have any rice?
PRÁCTICA RÁPIDA ✍️

A. Marca C (contable) o U (incontable):

  1. advice __ 2) chair __ 3) bread __ 4) luggage __ 5) idea __ 6) furniture __

B. Completa con el mejor cuantificador (a lot of / many / much / a few / few / a little / little / any / no / enough):
7) There isn’t ___ milk left.
8) We have ___ chairs—bring two more.
9) How ___ time do we have?
10) He has ___ ideas; let’s hear them.
11) I don’t have ___ cash, sorry.
12) There are ___ problems with the plan (demasiados) → too ___
13) We made ___ progress today (positivo, un poco).
14) ___ people attended the event; it was disappointing.
15) Do you have ___ questions?

C. Reescribe corrigiendo:
16) I need an information.
17) She has less friends than me.
18) There is many traffic today.
19) We don’t have money enough.
20) He gave me three advices.

SOLUCIONES
A: 1) U 2) C 3) U 4) U 5) C 6) U
B: 7) much / any / no (mejor much en neg.: isn’t much)
8) a few
9) much
10) a lot of / many
11) any
12) too many
13) a little
14) few
15) any
C: 16) I need a piece of information.
17) She has fewer friends than me.
18) There is much / is a lot of traffic today.
19) We don’t have enough money.
20) He gave me three pieces of advice.